[SPARK-20439][SQL][BACKPORT-2.1] Fix Catalog API listTables and getTable when failed to fetch table metadata

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR is to backport https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/17730 to Spark 2.1
--- --
`spark.catalog.listTables` and `spark.catalog.getTable` does not work if we are unable to retrieve table metadata due to any reason (e.g., table serde class is not accessible or the table type is not accepted by Spark SQL). After this PR, the APIs still return the corresponding Table without the description and tableType)

### How was this patch tested?
Added a test case

Author: Xiao Li <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #17760 from gatorsmile/backport-17730.

[SPARK-20349][SQL][REVERT-BRANCH2.1] ListFunctions returns duplicate functions after using persistent functions

Revert the changes of https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/17646 made in Branch 2.1, because it breaks the build. It needs the parser interface, but SessionCatalog in branch 2.1 does not have it.

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

The session catalog caches some persistent functions in the `FunctionRegistry`, so there can be duplicates. Our Catalog API `listFunctions` does not handle it.

It would be better if `SessionCatalog` API can de-duplciate the records, instead of doing it by each API caller. In `FunctionRegistry`, our functions are identified by the unquoted string. Thus, this PR is try to parse it using our parser interface and then de-duplicate the names.

### How was this patch tested?
Added test cases.

Author: Xiao Li <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #17661 from gatorsmile/compilationFix17646.

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
The session catalog caches some persistent functions in the `FunctionRegistry`, so there can be duplicates. Our Catalog API `listFunctions` does not handle it.

It would be better if `SessionCatalog` API can de-duplciate the records, instead of doing it by each API caller. In `FunctionRegistry`, our functions are identified by the unquoted string. Thus, this PR is try to parse it using our parser interface and then de-duplicate the names.

### How was this patch tested?
Added test cases.

Author: Xiao Li <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #17646 from gatorsmile/showFunctions.

(cherry picked from commit 01ff0350)
Signed-off-by: Xiao Li <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

[SPARK-20335][SQL][BACKPORT-2.1] Children expressions of Hive UDF impacts the determinism of Hive UDF

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR is to backport https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/17635 to Spark 2.1

---
```JAVA
  /**
   * Certain optimizations should not be applied if UDF is not deterministic.
   * Deterministic UDF returns same result each time it is invoked with a
   * particular input. This determinism just needs to hold within the context of
   * a query.
   *
   * return true if the UDF is deterministic
   */
  boolean deterministic() default true;
```

Based on the definition of [UDFType](https://github.com/apache/hive/blob/master/ql/src/java/org/apache/hadoop/hive/ql/udf/UDFType.java#L42-L50), when Hive UDF's children are non-deterministic, Hive UDF is also non-deterministic.

### How was this patch tested?
Added test cases.

Author: Xiao Li <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #17652 from gatorsmile/backport-17635.

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This is to backport the PR https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/17265 to Spark 2.1 branch.

---
Since we are using shim for most Hive metastore APIs, the exceptions thrown by the underlying method of Method.invoke() are wrapped by `InvocationTargetException`. Instead of doing it one by one, we should handle all of them in the `withClient`. If any of them is missing, the error message could looks unfriendly. For example, below is an example for dropping tables.

```
Expected exception org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException to be thrown, but java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException was thrown.
ScalaTestFailureLocation: org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite$$anonfun$14 at (ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:193)
org.scalatest.exceptions.TestFailedException: Expected exception org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException to be thrown, but java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException was thrown.
	at org.scalatest.Assertions$class.newAssertionFailedException(Assertions.scala:496)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuite.newAssertionFailedException(FunSuite.scala:1555)
	at org.scalatest.Assertions$class.intercept(Assertions.scala:1004)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuite.intercept(FunSuite.scala:1555)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite$$anonfun$14.apply$mcV$sp(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:193)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite$$anonfun$14.apply(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:183)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite$$anonfun$14.apply(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:183)
	at org.scalatest.Transformer$$anonfun$apply$1.apply$mcV$sp(Transformer.scala:22)
	at org.scalatest.OutcomeOf$class.outcomeOf(OutcomeOf.scala:85)
	at org.scalatest.OutcomeOf$.outcomeOf(OutcomeOf.scala:104)
	at org.scalatest.Transformer.apply(Transformer.scala:22)
	at org.scalatest.Transformer.apply(Transformer.scala:20)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$$anon$1.apply(FunSuiteLike.scala:166)
	at org.apache.spark.SparkFunSuite.withFixture(SparkFunSuite.scala:68)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$class.invokeWithFixture$1(FunSuiteLike.scala:163)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$$anonfun$runTest$1.apply(FunSuiteLike.scala:175)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$$anonfun$runTest$1.apply(FunSuiteLike.scala:175)
	at org.scalatest.SuperEngine.runTestImpl(Engine.scala:306)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$class.runTest(FunSuiteLike.scala:175)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite.org$scalatest$BeforeAndAfterEach$$super$runTest(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:40)
	at org.scalatest.BeforeAndAfterEach$class.runTest(BeforeAndAfterEach.scala:255)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite.runTest(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:40)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$$anonfun$runTests$1.apply(FunSuiteLike.scala:208)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$$anonfun$runTests$1.apply(FunSuiteLike.scala:208)
	at org.scalatest.SuperEngine$$anonfun$traverseSubNodes$1$1.apply(Engine.scala:413)
	at org.scalatest.SuperEngine$$anonfun$traverseSubNodes$1$1.apply(Engine.scala:401)
	at scala.collection.immutable.List.foreach(List.scala:381)
	at org.scalatest.SuperEngine.traverseSubNodes$1(Engine.scala:401)
	at org.scalatest.SuperEngine.org$scalatest$SuperEngine$$runTestsInBranch(Engine.scala:396)
	at org.scalatest.SuperEngine.runTestsImpl(Engine.scala:483)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$class.runTests(FunSuiteLike.scala:208)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuite.runTests(FunSuite.scala:1555)
	at org.scalatest.Suite$class.run(Suite.scala:1424)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuite.org$scalatest$FunSuiteLike$$super$run(FunSuite.scala:1555)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$$anonfun$run$1.apply(FunSuiteLike.scala:212)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$$anonfun$run$1.apply(FunSuiteLike.scala:212)
	at org.scalatest.SuperEngine.runImpl(Engine.scala:545)
	at org.scalatest.FunSuiteLike$class.run(FunSuiteLike.scala:212)
	at org.apache.spark.SparkFunSuite.org$scalatest$BeforeAndAfterAll$$super$run(SparkFunSuite.scala:31)
	at org.scalatest.BeforeAndAfterAll$class.liftedTree1$1(BeforeAndAfterAll.scala:257)
	at org.scalatest.BeforeAndAfterAll$class.run(BeforeAndAfterAll.scala:256)
	at org.apache.spark.SparkFunSuite.run(SparkFunSuite.scala:31)
	at org.scalatest.tools.SuiteRunner.run(SuiteRunner.scala:55)
	at org.scalatest.tools.Runner$$anonfun$doRunRunRunDaDoRunRun$3.apply(Runner.scala:2563)
	at org.scalatest.tools.Runner$$anonfun$doRunRunRunDaDoRunRun$3.apply(Runner.scala:2557)
	at scala.collection.immutable.List.foreach(List.scala:381)
	at org.scalatest.tools.Runner$.doRunRunRunDaDoRunRun(Runner.scala:2557)
	at org.scalatest.tools.Runner$$anonfun$runOptionallyWithPassFailReporter$2.apply(Runner.scala:1044)
	at org.scalatest.tools.Runner$$anonfun$runOptionallyWithPassFailReporter$2.apply(Runner.scala:1043)
	at org.scalatest.tools.Runner$.withClassLoaderAndDispatchReporter(Runner.scala:2722)
	at org.scalatest.tools.Runner$.runOptionallyWithPassFailReporter(Runner.scala:1043)
	at org.scalatest.tools.Runner$.run(Runner.scala:883)
	at org.scalatest.tools.Runner.run(Runner.scala)
	at org.jetbrains.plugins.scala.testingSupport.scalaTest.ScalaTestRunner.runScalaTest2(ScalaTestRunner.java:138)
	at org.jetbrains.plugins.scala.testingSupport.scalaTest.ScalaTestRunner.main(ScalaTestRunner.java:28)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
	at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
	at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
	at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java:147)
Caused by: java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
	at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
	at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.client.Shim_v0_14.dropTable(HiveShim.scala:736)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.client.HiveClientImpl$$anonfun$dropTable$1.apply$mcV$sp(HiveClientImpl.scala:451)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.client.HiveClientImpl$$anonfun$dropTable$1.apply(HiveClientImpl.scala:451)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.client.HiveClientImpl$$anonfun$dropTable$1.apply(HiveClientImpl.scala:451)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.client.HiveClientImpl$$anonfun$withHiveState$1.apply(HiveClientImpl.scala:287)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.client.HiveClientImpl.liftedTree1$1(HiveClientImpl.scala:228)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.client.HiveClientImpl.retryLocked(HiveClientImpl.scala:227)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.client.HiveClientImpl.withHiveState(HiveClientImpl.scala:270)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.client.HiveClientImpl.dropTable(HiveClientImpl.scala:450)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.HiveExternalCatalog$$anonfun$dropTable$1.apply$mcV$sp(HiveExternalCatalog.scala:456)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.HiveExternalCatalog$$anonfun$dropTable$1.apply(HiveExternalCatalog.scala:454)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.HiveExternalCatalog$$anonfun$dropTable$1.apply(HiveExternalCatalog.scala:454)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.HiveExternalCatalog.withClient(HiveExternalCatalog.scala:94)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.HiveExternalCatalog.dropTable(HiveExternalCatalog.scala:454)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite$$anonfun$14$$anonfun$apply$mcV$sp$8.apply$mcV$sp(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:194)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite$$anonfun$14$$anonfun$apply$mcV$sp$8.apply(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:194)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite$$anonfun$14$$anonfun$apply$mcV$sp$8.apply(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:194)
	at org.scalatest.Assertions$class.intercept(Assertions.scala:997)
	... 57 more
Caused by: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.HiveException: NoSuchObjectException(message:db2.unknown_table table not found)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.Hive.dropTable(Hive.java:1038)
	... 79 more
Caused by: NoSuchObjectException(message:db2.unknown_table table not found)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.HiveMetaStore$HMSHandler.get_table_core(HiveMetaStore.java:1808)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.HiveMetaStore$HMSHandler.get_table(HiveMetaStore.java:1778)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
	at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
	at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.RetryingHMSHandler.invoke(RetryingHMSHandler.java:107)
	at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy10.get_table(Unknown Source)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.HiveMetaStoreClient.getTable(HiveMetaStoreClient.java:1208)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.SessionHiveMetaStoreClient.getTable(SessionHiveMetaStoreClient.java:131)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.HiveMetaStoreClient.dropTable(HiveMetaStoreClient.java:952)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.HiveMetaStoreClient.dropTable(HiveMetaStoreClient.java:904)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
	at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
	at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.RetryingMetaStoreClient.invoke(RetryingMetaStoreClient.java:156)
	at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy11.dropTable(Unknown Source)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.Hive.dropTable(Hive.java:1035)
	... 79 more
```

After unwrapping the exception, the message is like
```
org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.HiveException: NoSuchObjectException(message:db2.unknown_table table not found);
org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.HiveException: NoSuchObjectException(message:db2.unknown_table table not found);
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.HiveExternalCatalog.withClient(HiveExternalCatalog.scala:100)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.hive.HiveExternalCatalog.dropTable(HiveExternalCatalog.scala:460)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite$$anonfun$14.apply$mcV$sp(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:193)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite$$anonfun$14.apply(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:183)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.ExternalCatalogSuite$$anonfun$14.apply(ExternalCatalogSuite.scala:183)
	at org.scalatest.Transformer$$anonfun$apply$1.apply$mcV$sp(Transformer.scala:22)
...
```
### How was this patch tested?
N/A

Author: Xiao Li <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #17627 from gatorsmile/backport-17265.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This error message doesn't get properly formatted because of a missing `s`.  Currently the error looks like:

```
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: requirement failed: indices should be one-based and in ascending order; found current=$current, previous=$previous; line="$line"
```
(note the literal `$current` instead of the interpolated value)

Please review http://spark.apache.org/contributing.html

 before opening a pull request.

Author: Vijay Ramesh <vramesh@demandbase.com>

Closes #17572 from vijaykramesh/master.

(cherry picked from commit 261eaf51)
Signed-off-by: Sean Owen <sowen@cloudera.com>

[SPARK-19970][SQL][BRANCH-2.1] Table owner should be USER instead of PRINCIPAL in kerberized clusters

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

In the kerberized hadoop cluster, when Spark creates tables, the owner of tables are filled with PRINCIPAL strings instead of USER names. This is inconsistent with Hive and causes problems when using [ROLE](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/SQL+Standard+Based+Hive+Authorization) in Hive. We had better to fix this.

**BEFORE**
```scala
scala> sql("create table t(a int)").show
scala> sql("desc formatted t").show(false)
...
|Owner:                      |sparkEXAMPLE.COM                                         |       |
```

**AFTER**
```scala
scala> sql("create table t(a int)").show
scala> sql("desc formatted t").show(false)
...
|Owner:                      |spark                                         |       |
```

## How was this patch tested?

Manually do `create table` and `desc formatted` because this happens in Kerberized clusters.

Author: Dongjoon Hyun <dongjoon@apache.org>

Closes #17363 from dongjoon-hyun/SPARK-19970-2.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Since current `HiveShim`'s `convertFilters` does not escape the string literals. There exists the following correctness issues. This PR aims to return the correct result and also shows the more clear exception message.

**BEFORE**

```scala
scala> Seq((1, "p1", "q1"), (2, "p1\" and q=\"q1", "q2")).toDF("a", "p", "q").write.partitionBy("p", "q").saveAsTable("t1")

scala> spark.table("t1").filter($"p" === "p1\" and q=\"q1").select($"a").show
+---+
|  a|
+---+
+---+

scala> spark.table("t1").filter($"p" === "'\"").select($"a").show
java.lang.RuntimeException: Caught Hive MetaException attempting to get partition metadata by filter from ...
```

**AFTER**

```scala
scala> spark.table("t1").filter($"p" === "p1\" and q=\"q1").select($"a").show
+---+
|  a|
+---+
|  2|
+---+

scala> spark.table("t1").filter($"p" === "'\"").select($"a").show
java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException: Partition filter cannot have both `"` and `'` characters
```

## How was this patch tested?

Pass the Jenkins test with new test cases.

Author: Dongjoon Hyun <dongjoon@apache.org>

Closes #17266 from dongjoon-hyun/SPARK-19912.

(cherry picked from commit 21e366ae)
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

[SPARK-19765][SPARK-18549][SPARK-19093][SPARK-19736][BACKPORT-2.1][SQL] Backport Three Cache-related PRs to Spark 2.1

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Backport a few cache related PRs:

---
[[SPARK-19093][SQL] Cached tables are not used in SubqueryExpression](https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/16493)

Consider the plans inside subquery expressions while looking up cache manager to make
use of cached data. Currently CacheManager.useCachedData does not consider the
subquery expressions in the plan.

---
[[SPARK-19736][SQL] refreshByPath should clear all cached plans with the specified path](https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/17064)

Catalog.refreshByPath can refresh the cache entry and the associated metadata for all dataframes (if any), that contain the given data source path.

However, CacheManager.invalidateCachedPath doesn't clear all cached plans with the specified path. It causes some strange behaviors reported in SPARK-15678.

---
[[SPARK-19765][SPARK-18549][SQL] UNCACHE TABLE should un-cache all cached plans that refer to this table](https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/17097)

When un-cache a table, we should not only remove the cache entry for this table, but also un-cache any other cached plans that refer to this table. The following commands trigger the table uncache: `DropTableCommand`, `TruncateTableCommand`, `AlterTableRenameCommand`, `UncacheTableCommand`, `RefreshTable` and `InsertIntoHiveTable`

This PR also includes some refactors:
- use java.util.LinkedList to store the cache entries, so that it's safer to remove elements while iterating
- rename invalidateCache to recacheByPlan, which is more obvious about what it does.

### How was this patch tested?
N/A

Author: Xiao Li <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #17319 from gatorsmile/backport-17097.

When dynamic partition value is null or empty string, we should write the data to a directory like `a=__HIVE_DEFAULT_PARTITION__`, when we read the data back, we should respect this special directory name and treat it as null.

This is the same behavior of impala, see https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/IMPALA-252



new regression test

Author: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

Closes #17277 from cloud-fan/partition.

(cherry picked from commit dacc382f)
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

Add a new configuration option that allows Spark SQL to infer a case-sensitive schema from a Hive Metastore table's data files when a case-sensitive schema can't be read from the table properties.

- Add spark.sql.hive.caseSensitiveInferenceMode param to SQLConf
- Add schemaPreservesCase field to CatalogTable (set to false when schema can't
  successfully be read from Hive table props)
- Perform schema inference in HiveMetastoreCatalog if schemaPreservesCase is
  false, depending on spark.sql.hive.caseSensitiveInferenceMode
- Add alterTableSchema() method to the ExternalCatalog interface
- Add HiveSchemaInferenceSuite tests
- Refactor and move ParquetFileForamt.meregeMetastoreParquetSchema() as
  HiveMetastoreCatalog.mergeWithMetastoreSchema
- Move schema merging tests from ParquetSchemaSuite to HiveSchemaInferenceSuite

[JIRA for this change](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-19611)

The tests in ```HiveSchemaInferenceSuite``` should verify that schema inference is working as expected. ```ExternalCatalogSuite``` has also been extended to cover the new ```alterTableSchema()``` API.

Author: Budde <budde@amazon.com>

Closes #17229 from budde/SPARK-19611-2.1.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Because yarn#client will reset the `spark.yarn.keytab` configuration to point to the location in distributed file, so if user still uses the old `SparkConf` to create `SparkSession` with Hive enabled, it will read keytab from the path in distributed cached. This is OK for yarn cluster mode, but in yarn client mode where driver is running out of container, it will be failed to fetch the keytab.

So here we should avoid reseting this configuration in the `yarn#client` and only overwriting it for AM, so using `spark.yarn.keytab` could get correct keytab path no matter running in client (keytab in local fs) or cluster (keytab in distributed cache) mode.

## How was this patch tested?

Verified in security cluster.

Author: jerryshao <sshao@hortonworks.com>

Closes #16923 from jerryshao/SPARK-19038.

(cherry picked from commit a920a436)
Signed-off-by: Marcelo Vanzin <vanzin@cloudera.com>

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This is a backport of the two following commits: https://github.com/apache/spark/commit/78eae7e67fd5dec0c2d5b18000053ce86cd0f1ae & https://github.com/apache/spark/commit/de8a03e68202647555e30fffba551f65bc77608d

This PR adds support for ORC tables with (nested) char/varchar fields.

## How was this patch tested?
Added a regression test to `OrcSourceSuite`.

Author: Herman van Hovell <hvanhovell@databricks.com>

Closes #17041 from hvanhovell/SPARK-19459-branch-2.1.

[SPARK-18899][SPARK-18912][SPARK-18913][SQL] refactor the error checking when append data to an existing table

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

When we append data to an existing table with `DataFrameWriter.saveAsTable`, we will do various checks to make sure the appended data is consistent with the existing data.

However, we get the information of the existing table by matching the table relation, instead of looking at the table metadata. This is error-prone, e.g. we only check the number of columns for `HadoopFsRelation`, we forget to check bucketing, etc.

This PR refactors the error checking by looking at the metadata of the existing table, and fix several bugs:
* SPARK-18899: We forget to check if the specified bucketing matched the existing table, which may lead to a problematic table that has different bucketing in different data files.
* SPARK-18912: We forget to check the number of columns for non-file-based data source table
* SPARK-18913: We don't support append data to a table with special column names.

## How was this patch tested?
new regression test.

Author: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

Closes #16313 from cloud-fan/bug1.

(cherry picked from commit f923c849)
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

Empty partition column values are not valid for partition specification. Before this PR, we accept users to do it; however, Hive metastore does not detect and disallow it too. Thus, users hit the following strange error.

```Scala
val df = spark.createDataFrame(Seq((0, "a"), (1, "b"))).toDF("partCol1", "name")
df.write.mode("overwrite").partitionBy("partCol1").saveAsTable("partitionedTable")
spark.sql("alter table partitionedTable drop partition(partCol1='')")
spark.table("partitionedTable").show()
```

In the above example, the WHOLE table is DROPPED when users specify a partition spec containing only one partition column with empty values.

When the partition columns contains more than one, Hive metastore APIs simply ignore the columns with empty values and treat it as partial spec. This is also not expected. This does not follow the actual Hive behaviors. This PR is to disallow users to specify such an invalid partition spec in the `SessionCatalog` APIs.

Added test cases

Author: gatorsmile <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #16583 from gatorsmile/disallowEmptyPartColValue.

(cherry picked from commit a23debd7)
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

[SPARK-19092][SQL][BACKPORT-2.1] Save() API of DataFrameWriter should not scan all the saved files #16481

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

#### This PR is to backport https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/16481 to Spark 2.1
---
`DataFrameWriter`'s [save() API](https://github.com/gatorsmile/spark/blob/5d38f09f47a767a342a0a8219c63efa2943b5d1f/sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/DataFrameWriter.scala#L207) is performing a unnecessary full filesystem scan for the saved files. The save() API is the most basic/core API in `DataFrameWriter`. We should avoid it.

### How was this patch tested?
Added and modified the test cases

Author: gatorsmile <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #16588 from gatorsmile/backport-19092.

```Scala
        sql("CREATE TABLE tab (a STRING) STORED AS PARQUET")

        // This table fetch is to fill the cache with zero leaf files
        spark.table("tab").show()

        sql(
          s"""
             |LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH '$newPartitionDir' OVERWRITE
             |INTO TABLE tab
           """.stripMargin)

        spark.table("tab").show()
```

In the above example, the returned result is empty after table loading. The metadata cache could be out of dated after loading new data into the table, because loading/inserting does not update the cache. So far, the metadata cache is only used for data source tables. Thus, for Hive serde tables, only `parquet` and `orc` formats are facing such issues, because the Hive serde tables in the format of  parquet/orc could be converted to data source tables when `spark.sql.hive.convertMetastoreParquet`/`spark.sql.hive.convertMetastoreOrc` is on.

This PR is to refresh the metadata cache after processing the `LOAD DATA` command.

In addition, Spark SQL does not convert **partitioned** Hive tables (orc/parquet) to data source tables in the write path, but the read path is using the metadata cache for both **partitioned** and non-partitioned Hive tables (orc/parquet). That means, writing the partitioned parquet/orc tables still use `InsertIntoHiveTable`, instead of `InsertIntoHadoopFsRelationCommand`. To avoid reading the out-of-dated cache, `InsertIntoHiveTable` needs to refresh the metadata cache for partitioned tables. Note, it does not need to refresh the cache for non-partitioned parquet/orc tables, because it does not call `InsertIntoHiveTable` at all. Based on the comments, this PR will keep the existing logics unchanged. That means, we always refresh the table no matter whether the table is partitioned or not.

Added test cases in parquetSuites.scala

Author: gatorsmile <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #16500 from gatorsmile/refreshInsertIntoHiveTable.

(cherry picked from commit de62ddf7)
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

[SPARK-19048][SQL] Delete Partition Location when Dropping Managed Partitioned Tables in InMemoryCatalog

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
The data in the managed table should be deleted after table is dropped. However, if the partition location is not under the location of the partitioned table, it is not deleted as expected. Users can specify any location for the partition when they adding a partition.

This PR is to delete partition location when dropping managed partitioned tables stored in `InMemoryCatalog`.

### How was this patch tested?
Added test cases for both HiveExternalCatalog and InMemoryCatalog

Author: gatorsmile <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #16448 from gatorsmile/unsetSerdeProp.

(cherry picked from commit b67b35f7)
Signed-off-by: gatorsmile <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
Fixed non-thread-safe functions used in SessionCatalog:
- refreshTable
- lookupRelation

### How was this patch tested?
N/A

Author: gatorsmile <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #16437 from gatorsmile/addSyncToLookUpTable.

(cherry picked from commit 35e97407)
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

Remove spark-tag's compile-scope dependency (and, indirectly, spark-core's compile-scope transitive-dependency) on scalatest by splitting test-oriented tags into spark-tags' test JAR.

Alternative to #16303.

Author: Ryan Williams <ryan.blake.williams@gmail.com>

Closes #16311 from ryan-williams/tt.

(cherry picked from commit afd9bc1d)
Signed-off-by: Marcelo Vanzin <vanzin@cloudera.com>

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR is to backport https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/16356 to Spark 2.1.1 branch.

----

Currently, we only have a SQL interface for recovering all the partitions in the directory of a table and update the catalog. `MSCK REPAIR TABLE` or `ALTER TABLE table RECOVER PARTITIONS`. (Actually, very hard for me to remember `MSCK` and have no clue what it means)

After the new "Scalable Partition Handling", the table repair becomes much more important for making visible the data in the created data source partitioned table.

Thus, this PR is to add it into the Catalog interface. After this PR, users can repair the table by
```Scala
spark.catalog.recoverPartitions("testTable")
```

### How was this patch tested?
Modified the existing test cases.

Author: gatorsmile <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #16372 from gatorsmile/repairTable2.1.1.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

It's weird that we use `Hive.getDatabase` to check the existence of a database, while Hive has a `databaseExists` interface.

What's worse, `Hive.getDatabase` will produce an error message if the database doesn't exist, which is annoying when we only want to check the database existence.

This PR fixes this and use `Hive.databaseExists` to check database existence.

## How was this patch tested?

N/A

Author: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

Closes #16332 from cloud-fan/minor.

(cherry picked from commit 7a75ee1c)
Signed-off-by: Yin Huai <yhuai@databricks.com>

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

As the scenario describe in [SPARK-18700](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-18700

), when cachedDataSourceTables invalided, the coming few queries will fetch all FileStatus in listLeafFiles function. In the condition of table has many partitions, these jobs will occupy much memory of driver finally may cause driver OOM.

In this patch, add StripedLock for each table's relation in cache not for the whole cachedDataSourceTables, each table's load cache operation protected by it.

## How was this patch tested?

Add a multi-thread access table test in `PartitionedTablePerfStatsSuite` and check it only loading once using metrics in `HiveCatalogMetrics`

Author: xuanyuanking <xyliyuanjian@gmail.com>

Closes #16135 from xuanyuanking/SPARK-18700.

(cherry picked from commit 24482858)
Signed-off-by: Herman van Hovell <hvanhovell@databricks.com>

[SPARK-18703][SPARK-18675][SQL][BACKPORT-2.1] CTAS for hive serde table should work for all hive versions AND Drop Staging Directories and Data Files

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR is to backport https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/16104 and https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/16134.

----------
[[SPARK-18675][SQL] CTAS for hive serde table should work for all hive versions](https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/16104)

Before hive 1.1, when inserting into a table, hive will create the staging directory under a common scratch directory. After the writing is finished, hive will simply empty the table directory and move the staging directory to it.

After hive 1.1, hive will create the staging directory under the table directory, and when moving staging directory to table directory, hive will still empty the table directory, but will exclude the staging directory there.

In `InsertIntoHiveTable`, we simply copy the code from hive 1.2, which means we will always create the staging directory under the table directory, no matter what the hive version is. This causes problems if the hive version is prior to 1.1, because the staging directory will be removed by hive when hive is trying to empty the table directory.

This PR copies the code from hive 0.13, so that we have 2 branches to create staging directory. If hive version is prior to 1.1, we'll go to the old style branch(i.e. create the staging directory under a common scratch directory), else, go to the new style branch(i.e. create the staging directory under the table directory)

----------
[[SPARK-18703] [SQL] Drop Staging Directories and Data Files After each Insertion/CTAS of Hive serde Tables](https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/16134)

Below are the files/directories generated for three inserts againsts a Hive table:
```
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-29_149_4298858301766472202-1
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-29_149_4298858301766472202-1/-ext-10000
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-29_149_4298858301766472202-1/-ext-10000/._SUCCESS.crc
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-29_149_4298858301766472202-1/-ext-10000/.part-00000.crc
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-29_149_4298858301766472202-1/-ext-10000/_SUCCESS
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-29_149_4298858301766472202-1/-ext-10000/part-00000
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_454_6445008511655931341-1
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_454_6445008511655931341-1/-ext-10000
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_454_6445008511655931341-1/-ext-10000/._SUCCESS.crc
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_454_6445008511655931341-1/-ext-10000/.part-00000.crc
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_454_6445008511655931341-1/-ext-10000/_SUCCESS
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_454_6445008511655931341-1/-ext-10000/part-00000
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_722_3388423608658711001-1
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_722_3388423608658711001-1/-ext-10000
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_722_3388423608658711001-1/-ext-10000/._SUCCESS.crc
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_722_3388423608658711001-1/-ext-10000/.part-00000.crc
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_722_3388423608658711001-1/-ext-10000/_SUCCESS
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.hive-staging_hive_2016-12-03_20-56-30_722_3388423608658711001-1/-ext-10000/part-00000
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.part-00000.crc
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/part-00000
```

The first 18 files are temporary. We do not drop it until the end of JVM termination. If JVM does not appropriately terminate, these temporary files/directories will not be dropped.

Only the last two files are needed, as shown below.
```
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/.part-00000.crc
/private/var/folders/4b/sgmfldk15js406vk7lw5llzw0000gn/T/spark-41eaa5ce-0288-471e-bba1-09cc482813ff/part-00000
```
The temporary files/directories could accumulate a lot when we issue many inserts, since each insert generats at least six files. This could eat a lot of spaces and slow down the JVM termination. When the JVM does not terminates approprately, the files might not be dropped.

This PR is to drop the created staging files and temporary data files after each insert/CTAS.

### How was this patch tested?
Added test cases.

Author: gatorsmile <gatorsmile@gmail.com>

Closes #16325 from gatorsmile/backport-18703&18675.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Cloudera put `/var/run/cloudera-scm-agent/process/15000-hive-HIVEMETASTORE/hive-site.xml` as the configuration file for the Hive Metastore Server, where `hive.metastore.try.direct.sql=false`. But Spark isn't reading this configuration file and get default value `hive.metastore.try.direct.sql=true`. As mallman said, we should use `getMetaConf` method to obtain the original configuration from Hive Metastore Server. I have tested this method few times and the return value is always consistent with Hive Metastore Server.

## How was this patch tested?

The existing tests.

Author: Yuming Wang <wgyumg@gmail.com>

Closes #16122 from wangyum/SPARK-18681.

(cherry picked from commit 90abfd15)
Signed-off-by: Herman van Hovell <hvanhovell@databricks.com>

Make stateful udf as nondeterministic

Add new test cases with both Stateful and Stateless UDF.
Without the patch, the test cases will throw exception:

1 did not equal 10
ScalaTestFailureLocation: org.apache.spark.sql.hive.execution.HiveUDFSuite$$anonfun$21 at (HiveUDFSuite.scala:501)
org.scalatest.exceptions.TestFailedException: 1 did not equal 10
        at org.scalatest.Assertions$class.newAssertionFailedException(Assertions.scala:500)
        at org.scalatest.FunSuite.newAssertionFailedException(FunSuite.scala:1555)
        ...

Author: Zhan Zhang <zhanzhang@fb.com>

Closes #16068 from zhzhan/state.

(cherry picked from commit 67587d96)
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>