## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

(Please fill in changes proposed in this fix)

For R SQL example, appname is "MyApp". While examples in scala, Java and python, the appName is "x Spark SQL basic example".

I made the R example consistent with other examples.

## How was this patch tested?

(Please explain how this patch was tested. E.g. unit tests, integration tests, manual tests)

Manual test
(If this patch involves UI changes, please attach a screenshot; otherwise, remove this)

Author: wm624@hotmail.com <wm624@hotmail.com>

Closes #14703 from wangmiao1981/example.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR tries to fix all the remaining "undocumented/duplicated arguments" warnings given by CRAN-check.

One left is doc for R `stats::glm` exported in SparkR. To mute that warning, we have to also provide document for all arguments of that non-SparkR function.

Some previous conversation is in #14558.

## How was this patch tested?

R unit test and `check-cran.sh` script (with no-test).

Author: Junyang Qian <junyangq@databricks.com>

Closes #14705 from junyangq/SPARK-16508-master.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

When fitting a PySpark Pipeline without the `stages` param set, a confusing NoneType error is raised as attempts to iterate over the pipeline stages.  A pipeline with no stages should act as an identity transform, however the `stages` param still needs to be set to an empty list.  This change improves the error output when the `stages` param is not set and adds a better description of what the API expects as input.  Also minor cleanup of related code.

## How was this patch tested?
Added new unit tests to verify an empty Pipeline acts as an identity transformer

Author: Bryan Cutler <cutlerb@gmail.com>

Closes #12790 from BryanCutler/pipeline-identity-SPARK-15018.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This patch adds support for SQL generation for inline tables. With this, it would be possible to create a view that depends on inline tables.

## How was this patch tested?
Added a test case in LogicalPlanToSQLSuite.

Author: petermaxlee <petermaxlee@gmail.com>

Closes #14709 from petermaxlee/SPARK-17150.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Modifies error message for numeric literals to
Numeric literal <literal> does not fit in range [min, max] for type <T>

## How was this patch tested?

Fixed up the error messages for literals.sql in  SqlQueryTestSuite and re-ran via sbt. Also fixed up error messages in ExpressionParserSuite

Author: Srinath Shankar <srinath@databricks.com>

Closes #14721 from srinathshankar/sc4296.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This patch creates array.sql in SQLQueryTestSuite for testing array related functions, including:

- indexing
- array creation
- size
- array_contains
- sort_array

## How was this patch tested?
The patch itself is about adding tests.

Author: petermaxlee <petermaxlee@gmail.com>

Closes #14708 from petermaxlee/SPARK-17149.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Add Alternating Least Squares wrapper in SparkR. Unit tests have been updated.

## How was this patch tested?

SparkR unit tests.

(If this patch involves UI changes, please attach a screenshot; otherwise, remove this)

![screen shot 2016-07-27 at 3 50 31 pm](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/15318264/17195347/f7a6352a-5411-11e6-8e21-61a48070192a.png)
![screen shot 2016-07-27 at 3 50 46 pm](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/15318264/17195348/f7a7d452-5411-11e6-845f-6d292283bc28.png)

Author: Junyang Qian <junyangq@databricks.com>

Closes #14384 from junyangq/SPARK-16443.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR fixes executor OOM in offheap mode due to bug in Cooperative Memory Management for UnsafeExternSorter.  UnsafeExternalSorter was checking if memory page is being used by upstream by comparing the base object address of the current page with the base object address of upstream. However, in case of offheap memory allocation, the base object addresses are always null, so there was no spilling happening and eventually the operator would OOM.

Following is the stack trace this issue addresses -
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Unable to acquire 1220 bytes of memory, got 0
	at org.apache.spark.memory.MemoryConsumer.allocatePage(MemoryConsumer.java:120)
	at org.apache.spark.util.collection.unsafe.sort.UnsafeExternalSorter.acquireNewPageIfNecessary(UnsafeExternalSorter.java:341)
	at org.apache.spark.util.collection.unsafe.sort.UnsafeExternalSorter.insertRecord(UnsafeExternalSorter.java:362)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.UnsafeExternalRowSorter.insertRow(UnsafeExternalRowSorter.java:93)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.UnsafeExternalRowSorter.sort(UnsafeExternalRowSorter.java:170)

## How was this patch tested?

Tested by running the failing job.

Author: Sital Kedia <skedia@fb.com>

Closes #14693 from sitalkedia/fix_offheap_oom.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

If the following conditions are satisfied, executors don't load properties in `hdfs-site.xml` and UnknownHostException can be thrown.

(1) NameNode HA is enabled
(2) spark.eventLogging is disabled or logging path is NOT on HDFS
(3) Using Standalone or Mesos for the cluster manager
(4) There are no code to load `HdfsCondition` class in the driver regardless of directly or indirectly.
(5) The tasks access to HDFS

(There might be some more conditions...)

For example, following code causes UnknownHostException when the conditions above are satisfied.
```
sc.textFile("<path on HDFS>").collect

```

```
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: java.net.UnknownHostException: hacluster
	at org.apache.hadoop.security.SecurityUtil.buildTokenService(SecurityUtil.java:378)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.NameNodeProxies.createNonHAProxy(NameNodeProxies.java:310)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.NameNodeProxies.createProxy(NameNodeProxies.java:176)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.DFSClient.<init>(DFSClient.java:678)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.DFSClient.<init>(DFSClient.java:619)
	at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.DistributedFileSystem.initialize(DistributedFileSystem.java:149)
	at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.createFileSystem(FileSystem.java:2653)
	at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.access$200(FileSystem.java:92)
	at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem$Cache.getInternal(FileSystem.java:2687)
	at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem$Cache.get(FileSystem.java:2669)
	at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.get(FileSystem.java:371)
	at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.get(FileSystem.java:170)
	at org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf.getWorkingDirectory(JobConf.java:656)
	at org.apache.hadoop.mapred.FileInputFormat.setInputPaths(FileInputFormat.java:438)
	at org.apache.hadoop.mapred.FileInputFormat.setInputPaths(FileInputFormat.java:411)
	at org.apache.spark.SparkContext$$anonfun$hadoopFile$1$$anonfun$32.apply(SparkContext.scala:986)
	at org.apache.spark.SparkContext$$anonfun$hadoopFile$1$$anonfun$32.apply(SparkContext.scala:986)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.HadoopRDD$$anonfun$getJobConf$6.apply(HadoopRDD.scala:177)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.HadoopRDD$$anonfun$getJobConf$6.apply(HadoopRDD.scala:177)
	at scala.Option.map(Option.scala:146)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.HadoopRDD.getJobConf(HadoopRDD.scala:177)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.HadoopRDD$$anon$1.<init>(HadoopRDD.scala:213)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.HadoopRDD.compute(HadoopRDD.scala:209)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.HadoopRDD.compute(HadoopRDD.scala:102)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD.computeOrReadCheckpoint(RDD.scala:318)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD.iterator(RDD.scala:282)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.MapPartitionsRDD.compute(MapPartitionsRDD.scala:38)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD.computeOrReadCheckpoint(RDD.scala:318)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD.iterator(RDD.scala:282)
	at org.apache.spark.scheduler.ResultTask.runTask(ResultTask.scala:70)
	at org.apache.spark.scheduler.Task.run(Task.scala:85)
	at org.apache.spark.executor.Executor$TaskRunner.run(Executor.scala:274)
	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142)
	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
Caused by: java.net.UnknownHostException: hacluster
```

But following code doesn't cause the Exception because `textFile` method loads `HdfsConfiguration` indirectly.

```
sc.textFile("<path on HDFS>").collect
```

When a job includes some operations which access to HDFS, the object of `org.apache.hadoop.Configuration` is wrapped by `SerializableConfiguration`,  serialized and broadcasted from driver to executors and each executor deserialize the object with `loadDefaults` false so HDFS related properties should be set before broadcasted.

## How was this patch tested?
Tested manually on my standalone cluster.

Author: Kousuke Saruta <sarutak@oss.nttdata.co.jp>

Closes #13738 from sarutak/SPARK-11227.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

When #13670 switched `ExecutorsPage` to use JQuery DataTables it incidentally removed the conditional for the Logs and Thread Dump columns. I reimplemented the conditional display of the Logs and Thread dump columns as it was before the switch.

## How was this patch tested?

Manually tested and dev/run-tests

![both](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/13952758/17186879/da8dd1a8-53eb-11e6-8b0c-d0ff0156a9a7.png)
![dump](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/13952758/17186881/dab08a04-53eb-11e6-8b1c-50ffd0bf2ae8.png)
![logs](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/13952758/17186880/dab04d00-53eb-11e6-8754-68dd64d6d9f4.png)

Author: Alex Bozarth <ajbozart@us.ibm.com>

Closes #14382 from ajbozarth/spark16673.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This patch changes predicate pushdown optimization rule (PushDownPredicate) from using a blacklist to a whitelist. That is to say, operators must be explicitly allowed. This approach is more future-proof: previously it was possible for us to introduce a new operator and then render the optimization rule incorrect.

This also fixes the bug that previously we allowed pushing filter beneath limit, which was incorrect. That is to say, before this patch, the optimizer would rewrite
```
select * from (select * from range(10) limit 5) where id > 3

to

select * from range(10) where id > 3 limit 5
```

## How was this patch tested?
- a unit test case in FilterPushdownSuite
- an end-to-end test in limit.sql

Author: Reynold Xin <rxin@databricks.com>

Closes #14713 from rxin/SPARK-16994.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

1. In scala, add negative low bound checking and put all the low/upper bound checking in one place
2. In python, add low/upper bound checking of indices.

## How was this patch tested?

unit test added

Author: Jeff Zhang <zjffdu@apache.org>

Closes #14555 from zjffdu/SPARK-16965.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
In the existing code, ```MinMaxScaler``` handle ```NaN``` value indeterminately.
* If a column has identity value, that is ```max == min```, ```MinMaxScalerModel``` transformation will output ```0.5``` for all rows even the original value is ```NaN```.
* Otherwise, it will remain ```NaN``` after transformation.

I think we should unify the behavior by remaining ```NaN``` value at any condition, since we don't know how to transform a ```NaN``` value. In Python sklearn, it will throw exception when there is ```NaN``` in the dataset.

## How was this patch tested?
Unit tests.

Author: Yanbo Liang <ybliang8@gmail.com>

Closes #14716 from yanboliang/spark-17141.

JIRA issue link:
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-16961

Changed one line of Utils.randomizeInPlace to allow elements to stay in place.

Created a unit test that runs a Pearson's chi squared test to determine whether the output diverges significantly from a uniform distribution.

Author: Nick Lavers <nick.lavers@videoamp.com>

Closes #14551 from nicklavers/SPARK-16961-randomizeInPlace.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This patch adds a new estimator/transformer `MultinomialLogisticRegression` to spark ML.

JIRA: [SPARK-7159](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-7159)

## How was this patch tested?

Added new test suite `MultinomialLogisticRegressionSuite`.

## Approach

### Do not use a "pivot" class in the algorithm formulation

Many implementations of multinomial logistic regression treat the problem as K - 1 independent binary logistic regression models where K is the number of possible outcomes in the output variable. In this case, one outcome is chosen as a "pivot" and the other K - 1 outcomes are regressed against the pivot. This is somewhat undesirable since the coefficients returned will be different for different choices of pivot variables. An alternative approach to the problem models class conditional probabilites using the softmax function and will return uniquely identifiable coefficients (assuming regularization is applied). This second approach is used in R's glmnet and was also recommended by dbtsai.

### Separate multinomial logistic regression and binary logistic regression

The initial design makes multinomial logistic regression a separate estimator/transformer than the existing LogisticRegression estimator/transformer. An alternative design would be to merge them into one.

**Arguments for:**

* The multinomial case without pivot is distinctly different than the current binary case since the binary case uses a pivot class.
* The current logistic regression model in ML uses a vector of coefficients and a scalar intercept. In the multinomial case, we require a matrix of coefficients and a vector of intercepts. There are potential workarounds for this issue if we were to merge the two estimators, but none are particularly elegant.

**Arguments against:**

* It may be inconvenient for users to have to switch the estimator class when transitioning between binary and multiclass (although the new multinomial estimator can be used for two class outcomes).
* Some portions of the code are repeated.

This is a major design point and warrants more discussion.

### Mean centering

When no regularization is applied, the coefficients will not be uniquely identifiable. This is not hard to show and is discussed in further detail [here](https://core.ac.uk/download/files/153/6287975.pdf). R's glmnet deals with this by choosing the minimum l2 regularized solution (i.e. mean centering). Additionally, the intercepts are never regularized so they are always mean centered. This is the approach taken in this PR as well.

### Feature scaling

In current ML logistic regression, the features are always standardized when running the optimization algorithm. They are always returned to the user in the original feature space, however. This same approach is maintained in this patch as well, but the implementation details are different. In ML logistic regression, the unregularized feature values are divided by the column standard deviation in every gradient update iteration. In contrast, MLlib transforms the entire input dataset to the scaled space _before_ optimizaton. In ML, this means that `numFeatures * numClasses` extra scalar divisions are required in every iteration. Performance testing shows that this has significant (4x in some cases) slow downs in each iteration. This can be avoided by transforming the input to the scaled space ala MLlib once, before iteration begins. This does add some overhead initially, but can make significant time savings in some cases.

One issue with this approach is that if the input data is already cached, there may not be enough memory to cache the transformed data, which would make the algorithm _much_ slower. The tradeoffs here merit more discussion.

### Specifying and inferring the number of outcome classes

The estimator checks the dataframe label column for metadata which specifies the number of values. If they are not specified, the length of the `histogram` variable is used, which is essentially the maximum value found in the column. The assumption then, is that the labels are zero-indexed when they are provided to the algorithm.

## Performance

Below are some performance tests I have run so far. I am happy to add more cases or trials if we deem them necessary.

Test cluster: 4 bare metal nodes, 128 GB RAM each, 48 cores each

Notes:

* Time in units of seconds
* Metric is classification accuracy

| algo   |   elasticNetParam | fitIntercept   |   metric |   maxIter |   numPoints |   numClasses |   numFeatures |    time | standardization   |   regParam |
|--------|-------------------|----------------|----------|-----------|-------------|--------------|---------------|---------|-------------------|------------|
| ml     |                 0 | true           | 0.746415 |        30 |      100000 |            3 |        100000 | 327.923 | true              |          0 |
| mllib  |                 0 | true           | 0.743785 |        30 |      100000 |            3 |        100000 | 390.217 | true              |          0 |

| algo   |   elasticNetParam | fitIntercept   |   metric |   maxIter |   numPoints |   numClasses |   numFeatures |    time | standardization   |   regParam |
|--------|-------------------|----------------|----------|-----------|-------------|--------------|---------------|---------|-------------------|------------|
| ml     |                 0 | true           | 0.973238 |        30 |     2000000 |            3 |         10000 | 385.476 | true              |          0 |
| mllib  |                 0 | true           | 0.949828 |        30 |     2000000 |            3 |         10000 | 550.403 | true              |          0 |

| algo   |   elasticNetParam | fitIntercept   |   metric |   maxIter |   numPoints |   numClasses |   numFeatures |    time | standardization   |   regParam |
|--------|-------------------|----------------|----------|-----------|-------------|--------------|---------------|---------|-------------------|------------|
| mllib  |                 0 | true           | 0.864358 |        30 |     2000000 |            3 |         10000 | 543.359 | true              |        0.1 |
| ml     |                 0 | true           | 0.867418 |        30 |     2000000 |            3 |         10000 | 401.955 | true              |        0.1 |

| algo   |   elasticNetParam | fitIntercept   |   metric |   maxIter |   numPoints |   numClasses |   numFeatures |    time | standardization   |   regParam |
|--------|-------------------|----------------|----------|-----------|-------------|--------------|---------------|---------|-------------------|------------|
| ml     |                 1 | true           | 0.807449 |        30 |     2000000 |            3 |         10000 | 334.892 | true              |       0.05 |

| algo   |   elasticNetParam | fitIntercept   |   metric |   maxIter |   numPoints |   numClasses |   numFeatures |    time | standardization   |   regParam |
|--------|-------------------|----------------|----------|-----------|-------------|--------------|---------------|---------|-------------------|------------|
| ml     |                 0 | true           | 0.602006 |        30 |     2000000 |          500 |           100 | 112.319 | true              |          0 |
| mllib  |                 0 | true           | 0.567226 |        30 |     2000000 |          500 |           100 | 263.768 | true              |          0 |e           | 0.567226 |        30 |     2000000 |          500 |           100 | 263.768 | true              |          0 |

## References

Friedman, et al. ["Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent"](https://core.ac.uk/download/files/153/6287975.pdf)
[http://web.stanford.edu/~hastie/glmnet/glmnet_alpha.html](http://web.stanford.edu/~hastie/glmnet/glmnet_alpha.html)

## Follow up items
* Consider using level 2 BLAS routines in the gradient computations - [SPARK-17134](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-17134)
* Add model summary for MLOR - [SPARK-17139](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-17139)
* Add initial model to MLOR and add test for intercept priors - [SPARK-17140](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-17140)
* Python API - [SPARK-17138](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-17138)
* Consider changing the tree aggregation level for MLOR/BLOR or making it user configurable to avoid memory problems with high dimensional data - [SPARK-17090](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-17090)
* Refactor helper classes out of `LogisticRegression.scala` - [SPARK-17135](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-17135)
* Design optimizer interface for added flexibility in ML algos - [SPARK-17136](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-17136)
* Support compressing the coefficients and intercepts for MLOR models - [SPARK-17137](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-17137)

Author: sethah <seth.hendrickson16@gmail.com>

Closes #13796 from sethah/SPARK-7159_M.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This patch improves inline table support with the following:

1. Support type coercion.
2. Support using foldable expressions. Previously only literals were supported.
3. Improve error message handling.
4. Improve test coverage.

## How was this patch tested?
Added a new unit test suite ResolveInlineTablesSuite and a new file-based end-to-end test inline-table.sql.

Author: petermaxlee <petermaxlee@gmail.com>

Closes #14676 from petermaxlee/SPARK-16947.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Add LDA Wrapper in SparkR with the following interfaces:

- spark.lda(data, ...)

- spark.posterior(object, newData, ...)

- spark.perplexity(object, ...)

- summary(object)

- write.ml(object)

- read.ml(path)

## How was this patch tested?

Test with SparkR unit test.

Author: Xusen Yin <yinxusen@gmail.com>

Closes #14229 from yinxusen/SPARK-16447.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This patch fixes the problem described in SPARK-17117, i.e. "SELECT 1 / NULL" throws an analysis exception:

```
org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException: cannot resolve '(1 / NULL)' due to data type mismatch: differing types in '(1 / NULL)' (int and null).
```

The problem is that division type coercion did not take null type into account.

## How was this patch tested?
A unit test for the type coercion, and a few end-to-end test cases using SQLQueryTestSuite.

Author: petermaxlee <petermaxlee@gmail.com>

Closes #14695 from petermaxlee/SPARK-17117.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This adds analyzer rules for resolving table-valued functions, and adds one builtin implementation for range(). The arguments for range() are the same as those of `spark.range()`.

## How was this patch tested?

Unit tests.

cc hvanhovell

Author: Eric Liang <ekl@databricks.com>

Closes #14656 from ericl/sc-4309.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

- adds documentation for https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-11714

## How was this patch tested?
Doc no test needed.

Author: Stavros Kontopoulos <stavros.kontopoulos@lightbend.com>

Closes #14667 from skonto/add_doc.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

The `Optimizer` rules `PushThroughSetOperations` and `PushDownPredicate` have a redundant rule to push down `Filter` through `Union`. We should remove it.

## How was this patch tested?

Jenkins tests.

Author: Liang-Chi Hsieh <simonh@tw.ibm.com>

Closes #14687 from viirya/remove-extra-pushdown.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This patch introduces a new private ReduceAggregator interface that is a subclass of Aggregator. ReduceAggregator only requires a single associative and commutative reduce function. ReduceAggregator is also used to implement KeyValueGroupedDataset.reduceGroups in order to support partial aggregation.

Note that the pull request was initially done by viirya.

## How was this patch tested?
Covered by original tests for reduceGroups, as well as a new test suite for ReduceAggregator.

Author: Reynold Xin <rxin@databricks.com>
Author: Liang-Chi Hsieh <simonh@tw.ibm.com>

Closes #14576 from rxin/reduceAggregator.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
I was looking at the code for UnresolvedOrdinal and made a few small changes to make it slightly more clear:

1. Rename the rule to SubstituteUnresolvedOrdinals which is more consistent with other rules that start with verbs. Note that this is still inconsistent with CTESubstitution and WindowsSubstitution.
2. Broke the test suite down from a single test case to three test cases.

## How was this patch tested?
This is a minor cleanup.

Author: petermaxlee <petermaxlee@gmail.com>

Closes #14672 from petermaxlee/SPARK-17034.

[SPARK-16995][SQL] TreeNodeException when flat mapping RelationalGroupedDataset created from DataFrame containing a column created with lit/expr

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

A TreeNodeException is thrown when executing the following minimal example in Spark 2.0.

    import spark.implicits._
    case class test (x: Int, q: Int)

    val d = Seq(1).toDF("x")
    d.withColumn("q", lit(0)).as[test].groupByKey(_.x).flatMapGroups{case (x, iter) => List[Int]()}.show
    d.withColumn("q", expr("0")).as[test].groupByKey(_.x).flatMapGroups{case (x, iter) => List[Int]()}.show

The problem is at `FoldablePropagation`. The rule will do `transformExpressions` on `LogicalPlan`. The query above contains a `MapGroups` which has a parameter `dataAttributes:Seq[Attribute]`. One attributes in `dataAttributes` will be transformed to an `Alias(literal(0), _)` in `FoldablePropagation`. `Alias` is not an `Attribute` and causes the error.

We can't easily detect such type inconsistency during transforming expressions. A direct approach to this problem is to skip doing `FoldablePropagation` on object operators as they should not contain such expressions.

## How was this patch tested?

Jenkins tests.

Author: Liang-Chi Hsieh <simonh@tw.ibm.com>

Closes #14648 from viirya/flat-mapping.

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-17038

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

StreamingSource's lastReceivedBatch_submissionTime, lastReceivedBatch_processingTimeStart, and lastReceivedBatch_processingTimeEnd all use data from lastCompletedBatch instead of lastReceivedBatch.

In particular, this makes it impossible to match lastReceivedBatch_records with a batchID/submission time.

This is apparent when looking at StreamingSource.scala, lines 89-94.

## How was this patch tested?

Manually running unit tests on local laptop

Author: Xin Ren <iamshrek@126.com>

Closes #14681 from keypointt/SPARK-17038.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Currently, the stackTrace (as `Array[StackTraceElements]`) reported through StreamingQueryListener.onQueryTerminated is useless as it has the stack trace of where StreamingQueryException is defined, not the stack trace of underlying exception.  For example, if a streaming query fails because of a / by zero exception in a task, the `QueryTerminated.stackTrace` will have
```
org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.StreamExecution.org$apache$spark$sql$execution$streaming$StreamExecution$$runBatches(StreamExecution.scala:211)
org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.StreamExecution$$anon$1.run(StreamExecution.scala:124)
```
This is basically useless, as it is location where the StreamingQueryException was defined. What we want is

Here is the right way to reason about what should be posted as through StreamingQueryListener.onQueryTerminated
- The actual exception could either be a SparkException, or an arbitrary exception.
  - SparkException reports the relevant executor stack trace of a failed task as a string in the the exception message. The `Array[StackTraceElements]` returned by `SparkException.stackTrace()` is mostly irrelevant.
  - For any arbitrary exception, the `Array[StackTraceElements]` returned by `exception.stackTrace()` may be relevant.
- When there is an error in a streaming query, it's hard to reason whether the `Array[StackTraceElements]` is useful or not. In fact, it is not clear whether it is even useful to report the stack trace as this array of Java objects. It may be sufficient to report the strack trace as a string, along with the message. This is how Spark reported executor stra
- Hence, this PR simplifies the API by removing the array `stackTrace` from `QueryTerminated`. Instead the `exception` returns a string containing the message and the stack trace of the actual underlying exception that failed the streaming query (i.e. not that of the StreamingQueryException). If anyone is interested in the actual stack trace as an array, can always access them through `streamingQuery.exception` which returns the exception object.

With this change, if a streaming query fails because of a / by zero exception in a task, the `QueryTerminated.exception` will be
```
org.apache.spark.SparkException: Job aborted due to stage failure: Task 1 in stage 0.0 failed 1 times, most recent failure: Lost task 1.0 in stage 0.0 (TID 1, localhost): java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
	at org.apache.spark.sql.streaming.StreamingQueryListenerSuite$$anonfun$5$$anonfun$apply$mcV$sp$4$$anonfun$apply$mcV$sp$5.apply$mcII$sp(StreamingQueryListenerSuite.scala:153)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.streaming.StreamingQueryListenerSuite$$anonfun$5$$anonfun$apply$mcV$sp$4$$anonfun$apply$mcV$sp$5.apply(StreamingQueryListenerSuite.scala:153)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.streaming.StreamingQueryListenerSuite$$anonfun$5$$anonfun$apply$mcV$sp$4$$anonfun$apply$mcV$sp$5.apply(StreamingQueryListenerSuite.scala:153)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.GeneratedClass$GeneratedIterator.processNext(Unknown Source)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.BufferedRowIterator.hasNext(BufferedRowIterator.java:43)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.WholeStageCodegenExec$$anonfun$8$$anon$1.hasNext(WholeStageCodegenExec.scala:370)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.SparkPlan$$anonfun$2.apply(SparkPlan.scala:232)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.SparkPlan$$anonfun$2.apply(SparkPlan.scala:226)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD$$anonfun$mapPartitionsInternal$1$$anonfun$apply$24.apply(RDD.scala:803)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD$$anonfun$mapPartitionsInternal$1$$anonfun$apply$24.apply(RDD.scala:803)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.MapPartitionsRDD.compute(MapPartitionsRDD.scala:38)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD.computeOrReadCheckpoint(RDD.scala:319)
	at org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD.iterator(RDD.scala:283)
	at org.apache.spark.scheduler.ResultTask.runTask(ResultTask.scala:70)
	at org.apache.spark.scheduler.Task.run(Task.scala:86)
	at org.apache.spark.executor.Executor$TaskRunner.run(Executor.scala:274)
	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1145)
	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:615)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:744)

Driver stacktrace:
	at org.apache.spark.scheduler.DAGScheduler.org$apache$spark$scheduler$DAGScheduler$$failJobAndIndependentStages(DAGScheduler.scala:1429)
	at org.apache.spark.scheduler.DAGScheduler$$anonfun$abortStage$1.apply(DAGScheduler.scala:1417)
	at org.apache.spark.scheduler.DAGScheduler$$anonfun$abortStage$1.apply(DAGScheduler.scala:1416)
	at scala.collection.mutable.ResizableArray$class.foreach(ResizableArray.scala:59)
	at scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer.foreach(ArrayBuffer.scala:48)
	at org.apache.spark.scheduler.DAGScheduler.abortStage(DAGScheduler.scala:1416)
	at org.apache.spark.scheduler.DAGScheduler$$anonfun$handleTaskSetFailed$1.apply(DAGScheduler.scala:802)
	at org.apache.spark.scheduler.DAGScheduler$$anonfun$handleTaskSetFailed$1.apply(DAGScheduler.scala:802)
...
```
It contains the relevant executor stack trace. In a case non-SparkException, if the streaming source MemoryStream throws an exception, exception message will have the relevant stack trace.
```
java.lang.RuntimeException: this is the exception message
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.MemoryStream.getBatch(memory.scala:103)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.StreamExecution$$anonfun$5.apply(StreamExecution.scala:316)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.StreamExecution$$anonfun$5.apply(StreamExecution.scala:313)
	at scala.collection.TraversableLike$$anonfun$flatMap$1.apply(TraversableLike.scala:241)
	at scala.collection.TraversableLike$$anonfun$flatMap$1.apply(TraversableLike.scala:241)
	at scala.collection.Iterator$class.foreach(Iterator.scala:893)
	at scala.collection.AbstractIterator.foreach(Iterator.scala:1336)
	at scala.collection.IterableLike$class.foreach(IterableLike.scala:72)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.StreamProgress.foreach(StreamProgress.scala:25)
	at scala.collection.TraversableLike$class.flatMap(TraversableLike.scala:241)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.StreamProgress.flatMap(StreamProgress.scala:25)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.StreamExecution.org$apache$spark$sql$execution$streaming$StreamExecution$$runBatch(StreamExecution.scala:313)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.StreamExecution$$anonfun$org$apache$spark$sql$execution$streaming$StreamExecution$$runBatches$1.apply$mcZ$sp(StreamExecution.scala:197)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.ProcessingTimeExecutor.execute(TriggerExecutor.scala:43)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.StreamExecution.org$apache$spark$sql$execution$streaming$StreamExecution$$runBatches(StreamExecution.scala:187)
	at org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.StreamExecution$$anon$1.run(StreamExecution.scala:124)
```

Note that this change in the public `QueryTerminated` class is okay as the APIs are still experimental.

## How was this patch tested?
Unit tests that test whether the right information is present in the exception message reported through QueryTerminated object.

Author: Tathagata Das <tathagata.das1565@gmail.com>

Closes #14675 from tdas/SPARK-17096.

A review of the code, working back from Hadoop's `FileSystem.exists()` and `FileSystem.isDirectory()` code, then removing uses of the calls when superfluous.

1. delete is harmless if called on a nonexistent path, so don't do any checks before deletes
1. any `FileSystem.exists()`  check before `getFileStatus()` or `open()` is superfluous as the operation itself does the check. Instead the `FileNotFoundException` is caught and triggers the downgraded path. When a `FileNotFoundException` was thrown before, the code still creates a new FNFE with the error messages. Though now the inner exceptions are nested, for easier diagnostics.

Initially, relying on Jenkins test runs.

One troublespot here is that some of the codepaths are clearly error situations; it's not clear that they have coverage anyway. Trying to create the failure conditions in tests would be ideal, but it will also be hard.

Author: Steve Loughran <stevel@apache.org>

Closes #14371 from steveloughran/cloud/SPARK-16736-superfluous-fs-calls.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
Gaussian Mixture Model wrapper in SparkR, similarly to R's ```mvnormalmixEM```.

## How was this patch tested?
Unit test.

Author: Yanbo Liang <ybliang8@gmail.com>

Closes #14392 from yanboliang/spark-16446.

There are two narrow races that could cause the ApplicationMaster to miss
when the user application instantiates the SparkContext, which could cause
app failures when nothing was wrong with the app. It was also possible for
a failing application to get stuck in the loop that waits for the context
for a long time, instead of failing quickly.

The change uses a promise to track the SparkContext instance, which gets
rid of the races and allows for some simplification of the code.

Tested with existing unit tests, and a new one being added to test the
timeout code.

Author: Marcelo Vanzin <vanzin@cloudera.com>

Closes #14542 from vanzin/SPARK-16930.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

We use reflection to convert `TreeNode` to json string, and currently don't support arbitrary object. `UserDefinedGenerator` takes a function object, so we should skip json format test for it, or the tests can be flacky, e.g. `DataFrameSuite.simple explode`, this test always fail with scala 2.10(branch 1.6 builds with scala 2.10 by default), but pass with scala 2.11(master branch builds with scala 2.11 by default).

## How was this patch tested?

N/A

Author: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

Closes #14679 from cloud-fan/json.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
The current subquery expression interface contains a little bit of technical debt in the form of a few different access paths to get and set the query contained by the expression. This is confusing to anyone who goes over this code.

This PR unifies these access paths.

## How was this patch tested?
(Existing tests)

Author: Herman van Hovell <hvanhovell@databricks.com>

Closes #14685 from hvanhovell/SPARK-17106.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR splits the generated code for ```SafeProjection.apply``` by using ```ctx.splitExpressions()```. This is because the large code body for ```NewInstance``` may grow beyond 64KB bytecode size for ```apply()``` method.

Here is [the original PR](https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/13243) for SPARK-15285. However, it breaks a build with Scala 2.10 since Scala 2.10 does not a case class with large number of members. Thus, it was reverted by [this commit](https://github.com/apache/spark/commit/fa244e5a90690d6a31be50f2aa203ae1a2e9a1cf).

## How was this patch tested?

Added new tests by using `DefinedByConstructorParams` instead of case class for scala-2.10

Author: Kazuaki Ishizaki <ishizaki@jp.ibm.com>

Closes #14670 from kiszk/SPARK-15285-2.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

(Please fill in changes proposed in this fix)

Add Isotonic Regression wrapper in SparkR

Wrappers in R and Scala are added.
Unit tests
Documentation

## How was this patch tested?
Manually tested with sudo ./R/run-tests.sh

(Please explain how this patch was tested. E.g. unit tests, integration tests, manual tests)

Author: wm624@hotmail.com <wm624@hotmail.com>

Closes #14182 from wangmiao1981/isoR.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Currently methods in `ParserUtils` are tested indirectly, we should add test cases in `ParserUtilsSuite` to verify their integrity directly.

## How was this patch tested?

New test cases in `ParserUtilsSuite`

Author: jiangxingbo <jiangxb1987@gmail.com>

Closes #14620 from jiangxb1987/parserUtils.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This should be credited to mvervuurt. The main purpose of this PR is
 - simply to include the change for the same instance in `DataFrameReader` just to match up.
 - just avoid duplicately verifying the PR (as I already did).

The documentation for both should be the same because both assume the `properties` should be  the same `dict` for the same option.

## How was this patch tested?

Manually building Python documentation.

This will produce the output as below:

- `DataFrameReader`

![2016-08-17 11 12 00](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/6477701/17722764/b3f6568e-646f-11e6-8b75-4fb672f3f366.png)

- `DataFrameWriter`

![2016-08-17 11 12 10](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/6477701/17722765/b58cb308-646f-11e6-841a-32f19800d139.png)

Closes #14624

Author: hyukjinkwon <gurwls223@gmail.com>
Author: mvervuurt <m.a.vervuurt@gmail.com>

Closes #14677 from HyukjinKwon/typo-python.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This PR adds a field to subquery alias in order to make the usage of views in a resolved `LogicalPlan` more visible (and more understandable).

For example, the following view and query:
```sql
create view constants as select 1 as id union all select 1 union all select 42
select * from constants;
```
...now yields the following analyzed plan:
```
Project [id#39]
+- SubqueryAlias c, `default`.`constants`
   +- Project [gen_attr_0#36 AS id#39]
      +- SubqueryAlias gen_subquery_0
         +- Union
            :- Union
            :  :- Project [1 AS gen_attr_0#36]
            :  :  +- OneRowRelation$
            :  +- Project [1 AS gen_attr_1#37]
            :     +- OneRowRelation$
            +- Project [42 AS gen_attr_2#38]
               +- OneRowRelation$
```
## How was this patch tested?
Added tests for the two code paths in `SessionCatalogSuite` (sql/core) and `HiveMetastoreCatalogSuite` (sql/hive)

Author: Herman van Hovell <hvanhovell@databricks.com>

Closes #14657 from hvanhovell/SPARK-17068.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This PR renames `ParserUtils.assert` to `ParserUtils.validate`. This is done because this method is used to check requirements, and not to check if the program is in an invalid state.

## How was this patch tested?
Simple rename. Compilation should do.

Author: Herman van Hovell <hvanhovell@databricks.com>

Closes #14665 from hvanhovell/SPARK-17084.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Remove the api doc link for mapReduceTriplets operator because in latest api they are remove so when user link to that api they will not get mapReduceTriplets there so its more good to remove than confuse the user.

## How was this patch tested?
Run all the test cases

![screenshot from 2016-08-16 23-08-25](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/8075390/17709393/8cfbf75a-6406-11e6-98e6-38f7b319d833.png)

Author: sandy <phalodi@gmail.com>

Closes #14669 from phalodi/SPARK-17089.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Rename RDD functions for now to avoid CRAN check warnings.
Some RDD functions are sharing generics with DataFrame functions (hence the problem) so after the renames we need to add new generics, for now.

## How was this patch tested?

unit tests

Author: Felix Cheung <felixcheung_m@hotmail.com>

Closes #14626 from felixcheung/rrddfunctions.