[SPARK-17994][SQL] Add back a file status cache for catalog tables

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

In SPARK-16980, we removed the full in-memory cache of table partitions in favor of loading only needed partitions from the metastore. This greatly improves the initial latency of queries that only read a small fraction of table partitions.

However, since the metastore does not store file statistics, we need to discover those from remote storage. With the loss of the in-memory file status cache this has to happen on each query, increasing the latency of repeated queries over the same partitions.

The proposal is to add back a per-table cache of partition contents, i.e. Map[Path, Array[FileStatus]]. This cache would be retained per-table, and can be invalidated through refreshTable() and refreshByPath(). Unlike the prior cache, it can be incrementally updated as new partitions are read.

## How was this patch tested?

Existing tests and new tests in `HiveTablePerfStatsSuite`.

cc mallman

Author: Eric Liang <ekl@databricks.com>
Author: Michael Allman <michael@videoamp.com>
Author: Eric Liang <ekhliang@gmail.com>

Closes #15539 from ericl/meta-cache.