This allows the spark-shell, spark-class, run-example, make-distribution.sh,
and ./bin/start-* scripts to work under Cygwin.  Note that this doesn't
support PySpark under Cygwin, since that requires many additional `cygpath`
calls from within Python and will be non-trivial to implement.

This PR was inspired by, and subsumes, #253 (so close #253 after this is merged).