[SPARK-9534] [BUILD] Enable javac lint for scalac parity; fix a lot of build warnings, 1.5.0 edition

Enable most javac lint warnings; fix a lot of build warnings. In a few cases, touch up surrounding code in the process.

I'll explain several of the changes inline in comments.

Author: Sean Owen <sowen@cloudera.com>

Closes #7862 from srowen/SPARK-9534 and squashes the following commits:

ea51618 [Sean Owen] Enable most javac lint warnings; fix a lot of build warnings. In a few cases, touch up surrounding code in the process.