The current way of seed distribution makes the random sequences from partition i and i+1 offset by 1.

~~~
In [14]: import random

In [15]: r1 = random.Random(10)

In [16]: r1.randint(0, 1)
Out[16]: 1

In [17]: r1.random()
Out[17]: 0.4288890546751146

In [18]: r1.random()
Out[18]: 0.5780913011344704

In [19]: r2 = random.Random(10)

In [20]: r2.randint(0, 1)
Out[20]: 1

In [21]: r2.randint(0, 1)
Out[21]: 0

In [22]: r2.random()
Out[22]: 0.5780913011344704
~~~

Note: The new tests are not for this bug fix.

Author: Xiangrui Meng <meng@databricks.com>

Closes #3010 from mengxr/SPARK-4148 and squashes the following commits:

869ae4b [Xiangrui Meng] move tests tests.py
c1bacd9 [Xiangrui Meng] fix seed distribution and add some tests for rdd.sample

Change maximum value for default seed during RDD sampling so that it is strictly less than 2 ** 32. This prevents a bug in the most recent version of NumPy, which cannot accept random seeds above this bound.

Adds an extra test that uses the default seed (instead of setting it manually, as in the docstrings).

mengxr

Author: freeman <the.freeman.lab@gmail.com>

Closes #2889 from freeman-lab/pyspark-sampling and squashes the following commits:

dc385ef [freeman] Change maximum value for default seed

As described in [SPARK-2627](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-2627), we'd like Python code to automatically be checked for PEP 8 compliance by Jenkins. This pull request aims to do that.

Notes:
* We may need to install [`pep8`](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pep8) on the build server.
* I'm expecting tests to fail now that PEP 8 compliance is being checked as part of the build. I'm fine with cleaning up any remaining PEP 8 violations as part of this pull request.
* I did not understand why the RAT and scalastyle reports are saved to text files. I did the same for the PEP 8 check, but only so that the console output style can match those for the RAT and scalastyle checks. The PEP 8 report is removed right after the check is complete.
* Updates to the ["Contributing to Spark"](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/SPARK/Contributing+to+Spark) guide will be submitted elsewhere, as I don't believe that text is part of the Spark repo.

Author: Nicholas Chammas <nicholas.chammas@gmail.com>
Author: nchammas <nicholas.chammas@gmail.com>

Closes #1744 from nchammas/master and squashes the following commits:

274b238 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] [PySpark] minor indentation changes
983d963 [nchammas] Merge pull request #5 from apache/master
1db5314 [nchammas] Merge pull request #4 from apache/master
0e0245f [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] undo erroneous whitespace fixes
bf30942 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] PEP8: comment spacing
6db9a44 [nchammas] Merge pull request #3 from apache/master
7b4750e [Nicholas Chammas] merge upstream changes
91b7584 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] undo unnecessary line breaks
44e3e56 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] use tox.ini to exclude files
b09fae2 [Nicholas Chammas] don't wrap comments unnecessarily
bfb9f9f [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] keep up with the PEP 8 fixes
9da347f [nchammas] Merge pull request #2 from apache/master
aa5b4b5 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] follow Spark bash style for if blocks
d0a83b9 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] check that pep8 downloaded fine
dffb5dd [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] download pep8 at runtime
a1ce7ae [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] space out test report sections
21da538 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] it's PEP 8, not PEP8
6f4900b [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] more misc PEP 8 fixes
fe57ed0 [Nicholas Chammas] removing merge conflict backups
9c01d4c [nchammas] Merge pull request #1 from apache/master
9a66cb0 [Nicholas Chammas] resolving merge conflicts
a31ccc4 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] miscellaneous PEP 8 fixes
beaa9ac [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] fail check on non-zero status
723ed39 [Nicholas Chammas] always delete the report file
0541ebb [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] call Python linter from run-tests
12440fa [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] add Scala linter
61c07b9 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2627] add Python linter
75ad552 [Nicholas Chammas] make check output style consistent

exact sample size not supported for now.

Author: Doris Xin <doris.s.xin@gmail.com>

Closes #1554 from dorx/pystratified and squashes the following commits:

4ba927a [Doris Xin] use rel diff (+- 50%) instead of abs diff (+- 50)
bdc3f8b [Doris Xin] updated unit to check sample holistically
7713c7b [Doris Xin] Python version of stratified sampling

This pull request aims to resolve all outstanding PEP8 violations in PySpark.

Author: Nicholas Chammas <nicholas.chammas@gmail.com>
Author: nchammas <nicholas.chammas@gmail.com>

Closes #1505 from nchammas/master and squashes the following commits:

98171af [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] revert PEP 8 fixes to cloudpickle
cba7768 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] wrap expression list in parentheses
e178dbe [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] style - change position of line break
9127d2b [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] wrap expression lists in parentheses
22132a4 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] wrap conditionals in parentheses
24639bc [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] fix whitespace for doctest
7d557b7 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to tests.py
8f8e4c0 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to storagelevel.py
b3b96cf [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to statcounter.py
d644477 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to worker.py
aa3a7b6 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to sql.py
1916859 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to shell.py
95d1d95 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to serializers.py
a0fec2e [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to mllib
c85e1e5 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to join.py
d14f2f1 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to __init__.py
81fcb20 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to resultiterable.py
1bde265 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to java_gateway.py
7fc849c [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to daemon.py
ca2d28b [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to context.py
f4e0039 [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to conf.py
a6d5e4b [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to cloudpickle.py
f0a7ebf [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2470] PEP8 fixes to rddsampler.py
4dd148f [nchammas] Merge pull request #5 from apache/master
f7e4581 [Nicholas Chammas] unrelated pep8 fix
a36eed0 [Nicholas Chammas] name ec2 instances and security groups consistently
de7292a [nchammas] Merge pull request #4 from apache/master
2e4fe00 [nchammas] Merge pull request #3 from apache/master
89fde08 [nchammas] Merge pull request #2 from apache/master
69f6e22 [Nicholas Chammas] PEP8 fixes
2627247 [Nicholas Chammas] broke up lines before they hit 100 chars
6544b7e [Nicholas Chammas] [SPARK-2065] give launched instances names
69da6cf [nchammas] Merge pull request #1 from apache/master

http://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
## Programming Recommendations
- Comparisons to singletons like None should always be done with is or is not, never the equality operators.

Author: Ken Takagiwa <ken@Kens-MacBook-Pro.local>

Closes #1422 from giwa/apache_master and squashes the following commits:

7b361f3 [Ken Takagiwa] follow pep8 None should be checked using is or is not

copying form previous pull request https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/462

Its probably better to let the underlying language implementation take care of the default . This was easier to do with python as the default value for seed in random and numpy random is None.

In Scala/Java side it might mean propagating an Option or null(oh no!) down the chain until where the Random is constructed. But, looks like the convention in some other methods was to use System.nanoTime. So, followed that convention.

Conflict with overloaded method in sql.SchemaRDD.sample which also defines default params.
sample(fraction, withReplacement=false, seed=math.random)
Scala does not allow more than one overloaded to have default params. I believe the author intended to override the RDD.sample method and not overload it. So, changed it.

If backward compatible is important, 3 new method can be introduced (without default params) like this
sample(fraction)
sample(fraction, withReplacement)
sample(fraction, withReplacement, seed)

Added some tests for the scala RDD takeSample method.

Author: Arun Ramakrishnan <smartnut007@gmail.com>

This patch had conflicts when merged, resolved by
Committer: Matei Zaharia <matei@databricks.com>

Closes #477 from smartnut007/master and squashes the following commits:

07bb06e [Arun Ramakrishnan] SPARK-1438 fixing more space formatting issues
b9ebfe2 [Arun Ramakrishnan] SPARK-1438 removing redundant import of random in python rddsampler
8d05b1a [Arun Ramakrishnan] SPARK-1438 RDD . Replace System.nanoTime with a Random generated number. python: use a separate instance of Random instead of seeding language api global Random instance.
69619c6 [Arun Ramakrishnan] SPARK-1438 fix spacing issue
0c247db [Arun Ramakrishnan] SPARK-1438 RDD language apis to support optional seed in RDD methods sample/takeSample