[SPARK-2316] Avoid O(blocks) operations in listeners

The existing code in `StorageUtils` is not the most efficient. Every time we want to update an `RDDInfo` we end up iterating through all blocks on all block managers just to discard most of them. The symptoms manifest themselves in the bountiful UI bugs observed in the wild. Many of these bugs are caused by the slow consumption of events in `LiveListenerBus`, which frequently leads to the event queue overflowing and `SparkListenerEvent`s being dropped on the floor. The changes made in this PR avoid this by first filtering out only the blocks relevant to us before computing storage information from them.

It's worth a mention that this corner of the Spark code is also not very well-tested at all. The bulk of the changes in this PR (more than 60%) is actually test cases for the various logic in `StorageUtils.scala` as well as `StorageTab.scala`. These will eventually be extended to cover the various listeners that constitute the `SparkUI`.

Author: Andrew Or <andrewor14@gmail.com>

Closes #1679 from andrewor14/fix-drop-events and squashes the following commits:

f80c1fa [Andrew Or] Rewrite fold and reduceOption as sum
e132d69 [Andrew Or] Merge branch 'master' of github.com:apache/spark into fix-drop-events
14fa1c3 [Andrew Or] Simplify some code + update a few comments
a91be46 [Andrew Or] Make ExecutorsPage blazingly fast
bf6f09b [Andrew Or] Minor changes
8981de1 [Andrew Or] Merge branch 'master' of github.com:apache/spark into fix-drop-events
af19bc0 [Andrew Or] *UsedByRDD -> *UsedByRdd (minor)
6970bc8 [Andrew Or] Add extensive tests for StorageListener and the new code in StorageUtils
e080b9e [Andrew Or] Reduce run time of StorageUtils.updateRddInfo to near constant
2c3ef6a [Andrew Or] Actually filter out only the relevant RDDs
6fef86a [Andrew Or] Add extensive tests for new code in StorageStatus
b66b6b0 [Andrew Or] Use more efficient underlying data structures for blocks
6a7b7c0 [Andrew Or] Avoid chained operations on TraversableLike
a9ec384 [Andrew Or] Merge branch 'master' of github.com:apache/spark into fix-drop-events
b12fcd7 [Andrew Or] Fix tests + simplify sc.getRDDStorageInfo
da8e322 [Andrew Or] Merge branch 'master' of github.com:apache/spark into fix-drop-events
8e91921 [Andrew Or] Iterate through a filtered set of blocks when updating RDDInfo
7b2c4aa [Andrew Or] Rewrite blockLocationsFromStorageStatus + clean up method signatures
41fa50d [Andrew Or] Add a legacy constructor for StorageStatus
53af15d [Andrew Or] Refactor StorageStatus + add a bunch of tests