[SPARK-8125] [SQL] Accelerates Parquet schema merging and partition discovery

This PR tries to accelerate Parquet schema discovery and `HadoopFsRelation` partition discovery.  The acceleration is done by the following means:

- Turning off schema merging by default

  Schema merging is not the most common case, but requires reading footers of all Parquet part-files and can be very slow.

- Avoiding `FileSystem.globStatus()` call when possible

  `FileSystem.globStatus()` may issue multiple synchronous RPC calls, and can be very slow (esp. on S3).  This PR adds `SparkHadoopUtil.globPathIfNecessary()`, which only issues RPC calls when the path contain glob-pattern specific character(s) (`{}[]*?\`).

  This is especially useful when converting a metastore Parquet table with lots of partitions, since Spark SQL adds all partition directories as the input paths, and currently we do a `globStatus` call on each input path sequentially.

- Listing leaf files in parallel when the number of input paths exceeds a threshold

  Listing leaf files is required by partition discovery.  Currently it is done on driver side, and can be slow when there are lots of (nested) directories, since each `FileSystem.listStatus()` call issues an RPC.  In this PR, we list leaf files in a BFS style, and resort to a Spark job once we found that the number of directories need to be listed exceed a threshold.

  The threshold is controlled by `SQLConf` option `spark.sql.sources.parallelPartitionDiscovery.threshold`, which defaults to 32.

- Discovering Parquet schema in parallel

  Currently, schema merging is also done on driver side, and needs to read footers of all part-files.  This PR uses a Spark job to do schema merging.  Together with task side metadata reading in Parquet 1.7.0, we never read any footers on driver side now.

Author: Cheng Lian <lian@databricks.com>

Closes #7396 from liancheng/accel-parquet and squashes the following commits:

5598efc [Cheng Lian] Uses ParquetInputFormat[InternalRow] instead of ParquetInputFormat[Row]
ff32cd0 [Cheng Lian] Excludes directories while listing leaf files
3c580f1 [Cheng Lian] Fixes test failure caused by making "mergeSchema" default to "false"
b1646aa [Cheng Lian] Should allow empty input paths
32e5f0d [Cheng Lian] Moves schema merging to executor side