[SPARK-16304] LinkageError should not crash Spark executor

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This patch updates the failure handling logic so Spark executor does not crash when seeing LinkageError.

## How was this patch tested?
Added an end-to-end test in FailureSuite.

Author: petermaxlee <petermaxlee@gmail.com>

Closes #13982 from petermaxlee/SPARK-16304.