[SPARK-21330][SQL] Bad partitioning does not allow to read a JDBC table with...

[SPARK-21330][SQL] Bad partitioning does not allow to read a JDBC table with extreme values on the partition column

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

An overflow of the difference of bounds on the partitioning column leads to no data being read. This
patch checks for this overflow.

## How was this patch tested?

New unit test.

Author: Andrew Ray <ray.andrew@gmail.com>

Closes #18800 from aray/SPARK-21330.