[SPARK-13647] [SQL] also check if numeric value is within allowed range in _verify_type

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR makes the `_verify_type` in `types.py` more strict, also check if numeric value is within allowed range.

## How was this patch tested?

newly added doc test.

Author: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

Closes #11492 from cloud-fan/py-verify.