[SPARK-19257][SQL] location for table/partition/database should be java.net.URI

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Currently we treat the location of table/partition/database as URI string.

It will be safer if we can make the type of location as java.net.URI.

In this PR, there are following classes changes:
**1. CatalogDatabase**
```
case class CatalogDatabase(
    name: String,
    description: String,
    locationUri: String,
    properties: Map[String, String])
--->
case class CatalogDatabase(
    name: String,
    description: String,
    locationUri: URI,
    properties: Map[String, String])
```
**2. CatalogStorageFormat**
```
case class CatalogStorageFormat(
    locationUri: Option[String],
    inputFormat: Option[String],
    outputFormat: Option[String],
    serde: Option[String],
    compressed: Boolean,
    properties: Map[String, String])
---->
case class CatalogStorageFormat(
    locationUri: Option[URI],
    inputFormat: Option[String],
    outputFormat: Option[String],
    serde: Option[String],
    compressed: Boolean,
    properties: Map[String, String])
```

Before and After this PR, it is transparent for user, there is no change that the user should concern. The `String` to `URI` just happened in SparkSQL internally.

Here list some operation related location:
**1. whitespace in the location**
   e.g.  `/a/b c/d`
   For both table location and partition location,
   After `CREATE TABLE  t... (PARTITIONED BY ...) LOCATION '/a/b c/d'` ,
   then `DESC EXTENDED t ` show the location is `/a/b c/d`,
   and the real path in the FileSystem also show `/a/b c/d`

**2. colon(:) in the location**
   e.g.  `/a/b:c/d`
   For both table location and partition location,
   when `CREATE TABLE  t... (PARTITIONED BY ...)  LOCATION '/a/b:c/d'` ,

  **In linux file system**
   `DESC EXTENDED t ` show the location is `/a/b:c/d`,
   and the real path in the FileSystem also show `/a/b:c/d`

  **in HDFS** throw exception:
  `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Pathname /a/b:c/d from hdfs://iZbp1151s8hbnnwriekxdeZ:9000/a/b:c/d is not a valid DFS filename.`

  **while** After `INSERT INTO TABLE t PARTITION(a="a:b") SELECT 1`
   then `DESC EXTENDED t ` show the location is `/xxx/a=a%3Ab`,
   and the real path in the FileSystem also show `/xxx/a=a%3Ab`

**3. percent sign(%) in the location**
   e.g.  `/a/b%c/d`
   For both table location and partition location,
   After `CREATE TABLE  t... (PARTITIONED BY ...) LOCATION '/a/b%c/d'` ,
   then `DESC EXTENDED t ` show the location is `/a/b%c/d`,
   and the real path in the FileSystem also show `/a/b%c/d`

**4. encoded(%25) in the location**
   e.g.  `/a/b%25c/d`
   For both table location and partition location,
   After `CREATE TABLE  t... (PARTITIONED BY ...)  LOCATION '/a/b%25c/d'` ,
   then `DESC EXTENDED t ` show the location is `/a/b%25c/d`,
   and the real path in the FileSystem also show `/a/b%25c/d`

   **while** After `INSERT INTO TABLE t PARTITION(a="%25") SELECT 1`
   then `DESC EXTENDED t ` show the location is `/xxx/a=%2525`,
   and the real path in the FileSystem also show `/xxx/a=%2525`

**Additionally**, except the location, there are two other factors will affect the location of the table/partition. one is the table name which does not allowed to have special characters, and the  other is `partition name` which have the same actions with `partition value`, and `partition name` with special character situation has add some testcase and resolve a bug in [PR](https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/17173)

### Summary:
After `CREATE TABLE  t... (PARTITIONED BY ...)  LOCATION path`,
the path which we get from `DESC TABLE` and `real path in FileSystem` are all the same with the `CREATE TABLE` command(different filesystem has different action that allow what kind of special character to create the path, e.g. HDFS does not allow colon, but linux filesystem allow it ).

`DataBase` also have the same logic with `CREATE TABLE`

while if the `partition value` has some special character like `%` `:` `#` etc, then we will get the path with encoded `partition value` like `/xxx/a=A%25B` from `DESC TABLE` and `real path in FileSystem`

In this PR, the core change code is using `new Path(str).toUri` and `new Path(uri).toString`
which transfrom `str to uri `or `uri to str`.
for example:
```
val str = '/a/b c/d'
val uri = new Path(str).toUri  --> '/a/b%20c/d'
val strFromUri = new Path(uri).toString -> '/a/b c/d'
```

when we restore table/partition from metastore, or get the location from `CREATE TABLE` command, we can use it as above to change string to uri `new Path(str).toUri `

## How was this patch tested?
unit test added.
The `current master branch` also `passed all the test cases` added in this PR by a litter change.
https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/17149/files#diff-b7094baa12601424a5d19cb930e3402fR1764
here `toURI` -> `toString` when test in master branch.

This can show that this PR  is transparent for user.

Author: windpiger <songjun@outlook.com>

Closes #17149 from windpiger/changeStringToURI.